Merge Request Performance Guidelines

Each new introduced merge request should be performant by default.

To ensure a merge request does not negatively impact performance of GitLab every merge request should adhere to the guidelines outlined in this document. There are no exceptions to this rule unless specifically discussed with and agreed upon by backend maintainers and performance specialists.

It’s also highly recommended that you read the following guides:

Definition

The term SHOULD per the RFC 2119 means:

This word, or the adjective “RECOMMENDED”, mean that there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to ignore a particular item, but the full implications must be understood and carefully weighed before choosing a different course.

Ideally, each of these tradeoffs should be documented in the separate issues, labeled accordingly and linked to original issue and epic.

Impact Analysis

Summary: think about the impact your merge request may have on performance and those maintaining a GitLab setup.

Any change submitted can have an impact not only on the application itself but also those maintaining it and those keeping it up and running (for example, production engineers). As a result you should think carefully about the impact of your merge request on not only the application but also on the people keeping it up and running.

Can the queries used potentially take down any critical services and result in engineers being woken up in the night? Can a malicious user abuse the code to take down a GitLab instance? Do my changes make loading a certain page slower? Does execution time grow exponentially given enough load or data in the database?

These are all questions one should ask themselves before submitting a merge request. It may sometimes be difficult to assess the impact, in which case you should ask a performance specialist to review your code. See the “Reviewing” section below for more information.

Performance Review

Summary: ask performance specialists to review your code if you’re not sure about the impact.

Sometimes it’s hard to assess the impact of a merge request. In this case you should ask one of the merge request reviewers to review your changes. (A list of reviewers is available.) A reviewer in turn can request a performance specialist to review the changes.

Think outside of the box

Everyone has their own perception of how to use the new feature. Always consider how users might be using the feature instead. Usually, users test our features in a very unconventional way, like by brute forcing or abusing edge conditions that we have.

Data set

The data set the merge request processes should be known and documented. The feature should clearly document what the expected data set is for this feature to process, and what problems it might cause.

If you would think about the following example that puts a strong emphasis of data set being processed. The problem is simple: you want to filter a list of files from some Git repository. Your feature requests a list of all files from the repository and perform search for the set of files. As an author you should in context of that problem consider the following:

  1. What repositories are planned to be supported?
  2. How long it do big repositories like Linux kernel take?
  3. Is there something that we can do differently to not process such a big data set?
  4. Should we build some fail-safe mechanism to contain computational complexity? Usually it’s better to degrade the service for a single user instead of all users.

Query plans and database structure

The query plan can tell us if we need additional indexes, or expensive filtering (such as using sequential scans).

Each query plan should be run against substantial size of data set. For example, if you look for issues with specific conditions, you should consider validating a query against a small number (a few hundred) and a big number (100_000) of issues. See how the query behaves if the result is a few and a few thousand.

This is needed as we have users using GitLab for very big projects and in a very unconventional way. Even if it seems that it’s unlikely that such a big data set is used, it’s still plausible that one of our customers could encounter a problem with the feature.

Understanding ahead of time how it behaves at scale, even if we accept it, is the desired outcome. We should always have a plan or understanding of what is needed to optimize the feature for higher usage patterns.

Every database structure should be optimized and sometimes even over-described in preparation for easy extension. The hardest part after some point is data migration. Migrating millions of rows is always troublesome and can have a negative impact on the application.

To better understand how to get help with the query plan reviews read this section on how to prepare the merge request for a database review.

Query Counts

Summary: a merge request should not increase the total number of executed SQL queries unless absolutely necessary.

The total number of queries executed by the code modified or added by a merge request must not increase unless absolutely necessary. When building features it’s entirely possible you need some extra queries, but you should try to keep this at a minimum.

As an example, say you introduce a feature that updates a number of database rows with the same value. It may be very tempting (and easy) to write this using the following pseudo code: 

objects_to_update.each do |object|
  object.some_field = some_value
  object.save
end

This means running one query for every object to update. This code can easily overload a database given enough rows to update or many instances of this code running in parallel. This particular problem is known as the “N+1 query problem”. You can write a test with QueryRecorder to detect this and prevent regressions.

In this particular case the workaround is fairly easy: 

objects_to_update.update_all(some_field: some_value)

This uses ActiveRecord’s update_all method to update all rows in a single query. This in turn makes it much harder for this code to overload a database.

Use read replicas when possible

In a DB cluster we have many read replicas and one primary. A classic use of scaling the DB is to have read-only actions be performed by the replicas. We use load balancing to distribute this load. This allows for the replicas to grow as the pressure on the DB grows.

By default, queries use read-only replicas, but due to primary sticking, GitLab uses the primary for some time and reverts to secondaries after they have either caught up or after 30 seconds. Doing this can lead to a considerable amount of unnecessary load on the primary. To prevent switching to the primary merge request 56849 introduced the without_sticky_writes block. Typically, this method can be applied to prevent primary stickiness after a trivial or insignificant write which doesn’t affect the following queries in the same session.

To learn when a usage timestamp update can lead the session to stick to the primary and how to prevent it by using without_sticky_writes, see merge request 57328

As a counterpart of the without_sticky_writes utility, merge request 59167 introduced use_replicas_for_read_queries. This method forces all read-only queries inside its block to read replicas regardless of the current primary stickiness. This utility is reserved for cases where queries can tolerate replication lag.

Internally, our database load balancer classifies the queries based on their main statement (select, update, delete, and so on). When in doubt, it redirects the queries to the primary database. Hence, there are some common cases the load balancer sends the queries to the primary unnecessarily:

  • Custom queries (via exec_query, execute_statement, execute, and so on)
  • Read-only transactions
  • In-flight connection configuration set
  • Sidekiq background jobs

After the above queries are executed, GitLab sticks to the primary. To make the inside queries prefer using the replicas, merge request 59086 introduced fallback_to_replicas_for_ambiguous_queries. This MR is also an example of how we redirected a costly, time-consuming query to the replicas.

Use CTEs wisely

Read about complex queries on the relation object for considerations on how to use CTEs. We have found in some situations that CTEs can become problematic in use (similar to the n+1 problem above). In particular, hierarchical recursive CTE queries such as the CTE in AuthorizedProjectsWorker are very difficult to optimize and don’t scale. We should avoid them when implementing new features that require any kind of hierarchical structure.

CTEs have been effectively used as an optimization fence in many simpler cases, such as this example. Beginning in PostgreSQL 12, CTEs are inlined then optimized by default. Keeping the old behavior requires marking CTEs with the keyword MATERIALIZED.

When building CTE statements, use the Gitlab::SQL::CTE class introduced in GitLab 13.11. By default, this Gitlab::SQL::CTE class forces materialization through adding the MATERIALIZED keyword for PostgreSQL 12 and higher. Gitlab::SQL::CTE automatically omits materialization when PostgreSQL 11 is running (this behavior is implemented using a custom Arel node Gitlab::Database::AsWithMaterialized under the surface).

caution
Upgrading to GitLab 14.0 requires PostgreSQL 12 or higher.

Cached Queries

Summary: a merge request should not execute duplicated cached queries.

Rails provides an SQL Query Cache, used to cache the results of database queries for the duration of the request.

See why cached queries are considered bad and how to detect them.

The code introduced by a merge request, should not execute multiple duplicated cached queries.

The total number of the queries (including cached ones) executed by the code modified or added by a merge request should not increase unless absolutely necessary. The number of executed queries (including cached queries) should not depend on collection size. You can write a test by passing the skip_cached variable to QueryRecorder to detect this and prevent regressions.

As an example, say you have a CI pipeline. All pipeline builds belong to the same pipeline, thus they also belong to the same project (pipeline.project): 

pipeline_project = pipeline.project
# Project Load (0.6ms)  SELECT "projects".* FROM "projects" WHERE "projects"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2
build = pipeline.builds.first

build.project == pipeline_project
# CACHE Project Load (0.0ms)  SELECT "projects".* FROM "projects" WHERE "projects"."id" = $1 LIMIT $2
# => true

When we call build.project, it doesn’t hit the database, it uses the cached result, but it re-instantiates the same pipeline project object. It turns out that associated objects do not point to the same in-memory object.

If we try to serialize each build: 

pipeline.builds.each do |build|
  build.to_json(only: [:name], include: [project: { only: [:name]}])
end

It re-instantiates project object for each build, instead of using the same in-memory object.

In this particular case the workaround is fairly easy: 

ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new.preload(pipeline, [builds: :project])

pipeline.builds.each do |build|
  build.to_json(only: [:name], include: [project: { only: [:name]}])
end

ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader uses the same in-memory object for the same project. This avoids the cached SQL query and also avoids re-instantiation of the project object for each build.

Executing Queries in Loops

Summary: SQL queries must not be executed in a loop unless absolutely necessary.

Executing SQL queries in a loop can result in many queries being executed depending on the number of iterations in a loop. This may work fine for a development environment with little data, but in a production environment this can quickly spiral out of control.

There are some cases where this may be needed. If this is the case this should be clearly mentioned in the merge request description.

Batch process

Summary: Iterating a single process to external services (for example, PostgreSQL, Redis, Object Storage) should be executed in a batch-style to reduce connection overheads.

For fetching rows from various tables in a batch-style, please see Eager Loading section.

Example: Delete multiple files from Object Storage

When you delete multiple files from object storage, like GCS, executing a single REST API call multiple times is a quite expensive process. Ideally, this should be done in a batch-style, for example, S3 provides batch deletion API, so it’d be a good idea to consider such an approach.

The FastDestroyAll module might help this situation. It’s a small framework when you remove a bunch of database rows and its associated data in a batch style.

Timeout

Summary: You should set a reasonable timeout when the system invokes HTTP calls to external services (such as Kubernetes), and it should be executed in Sidekiq, not in Puma threads.

Often, GitLab needs to communicate with an external service such as Kubernetes clusters. In this case, it’s hard to estimate when the external service finishes the requested process, for example, if it’s a user-owned cluster that’s inactive for some reason, GitLab might wait for the response forever (Example). This could result in Puma timeout and should be avoided at all cost.

You should set a reasonable timeout, gracefully handle exceptions and surface the errors in UI or logging internally.

Using ReactiveCaching is one of the best solutions to fetch external data.

Keep database transaction minimal

Summary: You should avoid accessing to external services like Gitaly during database transactions, otherwise it leads to severe contention problems as an open transaction basically blocks the release of a PostgreSQL backend connection.

For keeping transaction as minimal as possible, please consider using AfterCommitQueue module or after_commit AR hook.

Here is an example that one request to Gitaly instance during transaction triggered a ~"priority::1" issue.

Eager Loading

Summary: always eager load associations when retrieving more than one row.

When retrieving multiple database records for which you need to use any associations you must eager load these associations. For example, if you’re retrieving a list of blog posts and you want to display their authors you must eager load the author associations.

In other words, instead of this: 

Post.all.each do |post|
  puts post.author.name
end

You should use this: 

Post.all.includes(:author).each do |post|
  puts post.author.name
end

Also consider using QueryRecoder tests to prevent a regression when eager loading.

Memory Usage

Summary: merge requests must not increase memory usage unless absolutely necessary.

A merge request must not increase the memory usage of GitLab by more than the absolute bare minimum required by the code. This means that if you have to parse some large document (for example, an HTML document) it’s best to parse it as a stream whenever possible, instead of loading the entire input into memory. Sometimes this isn’t possible, in that case this should be stated explicitly in the merge request.

Lazy Rendering of UI Elements

Summary: only render UI elements when they are actually needed.

Certain UI elements may not always be needed. For example, when hovering over a diff line there’s a small icon displayed that can be used to create a new comment. Instead of always rendering these kind of elements they should only be rendered when actually needed. This ensures we don’t spend time generating Haml/HTML when it’s not used.

Use of Caching

Summary: cache data in memory or in Redis when it’s needed multiple times in a transaction or has to be kept around for a certain time period.

Sometimes certain bits of data have to be re-used in different places during a transaction. In these cases this data should be cached in memory to remove the need for running complex operations to fetch the data. You should use Redis if data should be cached for a certain time period instead of the duration of the transaction.

For example, say you process multiple snippets of text containing username mentions (for example, Hello @alice and How are you doing @alice?). By caching the user objects for every username we can remove the need for running the same query for every mention of @alice.

Caching data per transaction can be done using RequestStore (use Gitlab::SafeRequestStore to avoid having to remember to check RequestStore.active?). Caching data in Redis can be done using Rails’ caching system.

Pagination

Each feature that renders a list of items as a table needs to include pagination.

The main styles of pagination are:

  1. Offset-based pagination: user goes to a specific page, like 1. User sees the next page number, and the total number of pages. This style is well supported by all components of GitLab.
  2. Offset-based pagination, but without the count: user goes to a specific page, like 1. User sees only the next page number, but does not see the total amount of pages.
  3. Next page using keyset-based pagination: user can only go to next page, as we don’t know how many pages are available.
  4. Infinite scrolling pagination: user scrolls the page and next items are loaded asynchronously. This is ideal, as it has exact same benefits as the previous one.

The ultimately scalable solution for pagination is to use Keyset-based pagination. However, we don’t have support for that at GitLab at that moment. You can follow the progress looking at API: Keyset Pagination.

Take into consideration the following when choosing a pagination strategy:

  1. It’s very inefficient to calculate amount of objects that pass the filtering, this operation usually can take seconds, and can time out,
  2. It’s very inefficient to get entries for page at higher ordinals, like 1000. The database has to sort and iterate all previous items, and this operation usually can result in substantial load put on database.

You can find useful tips related to pagination in the pagination guidelines.

Badge counters

Counters should always be truncated. It means that we don’t want to present the exact number over some threshold. The reason for that is for the cases where we want to calculate exact number of items, we effectively need to filter each of them for the purpose of knowing the exact number of items matching.

From ~UX perspective it’s often acceptable to see that you have over 1000+ pipelines, instead of that you have 40000+ pipelines, but at a tradeoff of loading page for 2s longer.

An example of this pattern is the list of pipelines and jobs. We truncate numbers to 1000+, but we show an accurate number of running pipelines, which is the most interesting information.

There’s a helper method that can be used for that purpose - NumbersHelper.limited_counter_with_delimiter - that accepts an upper limit of counting rows.

In some cases it’s desired that badge counters are loaded asynchronously. This can speed up the initial page load and give a better user experience overall.

Usage of feature flags

Each feature that has performance critical elements or has a known performance deficiency needs to come with feature flag to disable it.

The feature flag makes our team more happy, because they can monitor the system and quickly react without our users noticing the problem.

Performance deficiencies should be addressed right away after we merge initial changes.

Read more about when and how feature flags should be used in Feature flags in GitLab development.

Storage

We can consider the following types of storages:

  • Local temporary storage (very-very short-term storage) This type of storage is system-provided storage, like a /tmp folder. This is the type of storage that you should ideally use for all your temporary tasks. The fact that each node has its own temporary storage makes scaling significantly easier. This storage is also very often SSD-based, thus is significantly faster. The local storage can easily be configured for the application with the usage of TMPDIR variable.

  • Shared temporary storage (short-term storage) This type of storage is network-based temporary storage, usually run with a common NFS server. As of Feb 2020, we still use this type of storage for most of our implementations. Even though this allows the above limit to be significantly larger, it does not really mean that you can use more. The shared temporary storage is shared by all nodes. Thus, the job that uses significant amount of that space or performs a lot of operations creates a contention on execution of all other jobs and request across the whole application, this can easily impact stability of the whole GitLab. Be respectful of that.

  • Shared persistent storage (long-term storage) This type of storage uses shared network-based storage (for example, NFS). This solution is mostly used by customers running small installations consisting of a few nodes. The files on shared storage are easily accessible, but any job that is uploading or downloading data can create a serious contention to all other jobs. This is also an approach by default used by Omnibus.

  • Object-based persistent storage (long term storage) this type of storage uses external services like AWS S3. The Object Storage can be treated as infinitely scalable and redundant. Accessing this storage usually requires downloading the file to manipulate it. The Object Storage can be considered as an ultimate solution, as by definition it can be assumed that it can handle unlimited concurrent uploads and downloads of files. This is also ultimate solution required to ensure that application can run in containerized deployments (Kubernetes) at ease.

Temporary storage

The storage on production nodes is really sparse. The application should be built in a way that accommodates running under very limited temporary storage. You can expect the system on which your code runs has a total of 1G-10G of temporary storage. However, this storage is really shared across all jobs being run. If your job requires to use more than 100MB of that space you should reconsider the approach you have taken.

Whatever your needs are, you should clearly document if you need to process files. If you require more than 100MB, consider asking for help from a maintainer to work with you to possibly discover a better solution.

Local temporary storage

The usage of local storage is a desired solution to use, especially since we work on deploying applications to Kubernetes clusters. When you would like to use Dir.mktmpdir? In a case when you want for example to extract/create archives, perform extensive manipulation of existing data, and so on. 

Dir.mktmpdir('designs') do |path|
  # do manipulation on path
  # the path will be removed once
  # we go out of the block
end

Shared temporary storage

The usage of shared temporary storage is required if your intent is to persistent file for a disk-based storage, and not Object Storage. Workhorse direct upload when accepting file can write it to shared storage, and later GitLab Rails can perform a move operation. The move operation on the same destination is instantaneous. The system instead of performing copy operation just re-attaches file into a new place.

Since this introduces extra complexity into application, you should only try to re-use well established patterns (for example, ObjectStorage concern) instead of re-implementing it.

The usage of shared temporary storage is otherwise deprecated for all other usages.

Persistent storage

Object Storage

It is required that all features holding persistent files support saving data to Object Storage. Having a persistent storage in the form of shared volume across nodes is not scalable, as it creates a contention on data access all nodes.

GitLab offers the ObjectStorage concern that implements a seamless support for Shared and Object Storage-based persistent storage.

Data access

Each feature that accepts data uploads or allows to download them needs to use Workhorse direct upload. It means that uploads needs to be saved directly to Object Storage by Workhorse, and all downloads needs to be served by Workhorse.

Performing uploads/downloads via Puma is an expensive operation, as it blocks the whole processing slot (thread) for the duration of the upload.

Performing uploads/downloads via Puma also has a problem where the operation can time out, which is especially problematic for slow clients. If clients take a long time to upload/download the processing slot might be killed due to request processing timeout (usually between 30s-60s).

For the above reasons it is required that Workhorse direct upload is implemented for all file uploads and downloads.